Lactantius — Divine Institutes 1.8
It is proved, therefore, by these witnesses, so numerous and of such authority, that the universe is governed by the power and providence of one God, whose energy and majesty Plato in the Timæus asserts to be so great, that no one can either conceive it in his mind, or give utterance to it in words, on account of His surpassing and incalculable power. And then can any one doubt whether anything can be difficult or impossible for God, who by His providence designed, by His energy established, and by His judgment completed those works so great and wonderful, and even now sustains them by His spirit, and governs them by His power, being incomprehensible and unspeakable, and fully known to no other than Himself? Wherefore, as I often reflect on the subject of such great majesty, they who worship the gods sometimes appear so blind, so incapable of reflection, so senseless, so little removed from the mute animals, as to believe that those who are born from the natural intercourse of the sexes could have had anything of majesty and divine influence; since the Erythræan Sibyl says: It is impossible for a God to be fashioned from the loins of a man and the womb of a woman. And if this is true, as it really is, it is evident that Hercules, Apollo, Bacchus, Mercury, and Jupiter, with the rest, were but men, since they were born from the two sexes. But what is so far removed from the nature of God as that operation which He Himself assigned to mortals for the propagation of their race, and which cannot be affected without corporeal substance?
Therefore, if the gods are immortal and eternal, what need is there of the other sex, when they themselves do not require succession, since they are always about to exist? For assuredly in the case of mankind and the other animals, there is no other reason for difference of sex and procreation and bringing forth, except that all classes of living creatures, inasmuch as they are doomed to death by the condition of their mortality, may be preserved by mutual succession. But God, who is immortal, has no need of difference of sex, nor of succession. Some one will say that this arrangement is necessary, in order that He may have some to minister to Him, or over whom He may bear rule. What need is there of the female sex, since God, who is almighty, is able to produce sons without the agency of the female? For if He has granted to certain minute creatures that they
Should gather offspring for themselves with their mouth from leaves and sweet herbs,
why should any one think it impossible for God Himself to have offspring except by union with the other sex? No one, therefore, is so thoughtless as not to understand that those were mere mortals, whom the ignorant and foolish regard and worship as gods. Why, then, some one will say, were they believed to be gods? Doubtless because they were very great and powerful kings; and since, on account of the merits of their virtues, or offices, or the arts which they discovered, they were beloved by those over whom they had ruled, they were consecrated to lasting memory. And if any one doubts this, let him consider their exploits and deeds, the whole of which both ancient poets and historians have handed down.
Latin
His igitur tot ac tantis testibus conprobatur unius dei potestate ac prouidentia mundum gubernari, cuius uim maiestatemque tantam esse dicit in Timaeo Plato, ut eam neque mente concipere neque uerbis enarrare quisquam possit ob) nimiam et inaestimabilem potestatem.
dubitet uero aliquis an quicquam difficile aut inpossibile sit deo, qui tanta tamque mirifica opera prouidentia excogitauit, uirtute constituit, ratione perfecit, nunc autem spiritu sustentet, potestate moderetur, inexcogitabilis ineffabilis et nulli alii satis notus quam sibi?
unde mihi de tanta maiestate saepius cogitanti qui deos colunt interdum uideri solent tam caeci, tam incogitabiles, tam excordes, tam non multum a mutis animalibus differentes, qui credant eos qui geniti sint maris ac feminae coitu aliquid maiestatis diuinaeque uirtutis habere potuisse, cum Sibylla Erythraea dicat: ou οὐ δύνατ\' ἀνδρὸς ἑϰ μηρῶν μήτρας τε θεὸς τετυπωμένος εἶναι.
quod si est uerum, sicuti est, apparet Herculem Apollinem Liberum Mercurium Iouemque ipsum cum ceteris homines EPITOME 1-5] c. 6, 1. 10-15] c. 6, 2. 4. AUCTOIiES 3] p. 28 C (cf. Minuc. Fel. c. 19,14). 16 s.] frg. II 1 s.; cf. Theopbil. ad Autol. 113 B. BRSHMpPV] 1 ac tautis] tantisque B 2 mundum om. S 3 tim⌜e⌝o H2 ea HM 4 mentem PV 6 quidquam (corr. m. 2) R, sic saepe 7 tanta tamque] tanta tam M, tantamque Pac (corr. P1?) V 8 perficit. P1, corr. PJ u sps (corr. m. 1 ?) P, sps V sustentet et HM 9 ineffabilis om. HM 10 maiestate] potestate sic V cogitaui S 11 tam ante incogitabiles] quam V1, in ras. corr. V2 12 a om. PV mutis om. M 1:3 sunt HM 14 diuinae HM 15 dicit B 16 ΔϒΝΑΤЄ B, AIMAI P ANOPOC Bl (corr. B3). om. R 17 MЄPON BI, 0 in Q corr. B3, ΜЄΡΩΝ P MIITPAC (corr. m. 3) B, om. R, MCTPAC P te Oso; om. B, OBCOC R TCTfnUMCNlOC B\', I dcl. B3, TЄΤϒΤΓΩΜЄNOC R, TЄΤϒΠΟΜЄΝΟC P ЄΙΝΑΓ R, ЄΙΝΑΓ P ΟΥΑΥΝΑΤΑΙΑΡΌCЄΑΝΡΩΝΜΙΗΡΑC TЄΓΥΠΩЄΜЄΝΟCIAITЄ θЄΌC S udyna* (litt. er. in H) eandyna emeron metbpra stet heostypomenosine HM, nisi quod litterae aliter in uerba coniunctae sunt in M interpretationem lat. in mg. add. B3, eadem fere in S 19 liber*um B ipsam quoque iouem S, ipsumque iouem HM ⌜i⌝psum (Ip m. 1 uel 2) B fuisse, quoniam sunt ex duobus sexibus nati.
quid est autem a deo tam remotum quam id opus, quod ipse ad propagandam subolem mortalibus tribuit et quod sine substantia corporali nullum potest esse? dii ergo si sunt inmortales et aeterni, quid opus est altero sexu — nimirum ut generent? ipsa progenie quid opus est, cum successione non egeant qui semper sunt futuri?
nam profecto in hominibus ceterisque animantibus diuersitas sexus et coitio et generatio nullam habet aliam rationem nisi ut omnia genera uiuentium, quoniam sunt condicione mortalitatis obitura, mutua possint successione seruari, deo autem, qui est sempiternus, neque alter sexus neque successio necessaria est.
dicet aliquis ut habeat uel ministros uel in quos possit ipse dominari.\' quid igitur sexu opus est feminino, cum deus, qui est omnipotens ut uocatur, sine usu et opera feminae possit.
filios procreare? nam si quibusdam minutis animalibus id praestitit, ut sibi e foliis natos et suauibus herbis ore legant, cur existimet aliquis ipsum deum nisi ex permixtione sexus alterius non posse generare? illos igitur quos inperiti et insipientes tamquam deos et nuncupant et adorant, nemo est tam inconsideratus quin intellegat fuisse mortales. \'quomodo ergo\' inquiet aliquis \'dii crediti sunt?\' nimirum quia reges maximi ac potentissimi fuerunt, ob merita uirtutum suarum aut EPITOME 1-12] c. 6, 2 s. 18—31, 2] c. 6, 4. AUCTORES 16] Verg. Georg. IV 200 s. BRSHMPPVJ 1 ex om. B 2 id opus] corpus HM propagandum P 3 sobolem SMPV, sic saepius codd. excepto B 4 diirsl (s m. rec.) S, diis P edd., Dii (pr. i ex c) V sunt] sunt dii PV et om. PV 5 quod V1 altero sexu] sexu (s. 1. m. 1) altero (s. I. m. 3) B nimirumquid opus est om. B\', in mg. add. B3 generent\' B (i. c. B3) 7 omnibus S ceterisque** B animalibus R 8 rationem] generationem S 9 condicioni R1; an condicionem scribendum ? 10 seruare M 11 necesaria Pac V 12 dicit HM habeant S 13 domari M 14 qui] si quis HM omnia potens B ut uocatur om. B edd., sed cf. V17, 2 sapiens-uocabatur ut] reV S2 faeminae (pr. a add. m. 3) B, femininae M, feminę∗∗ (p ex i m.2, na ? er.) P 16 Colis H e] ertl R2 20 qui non HM, quiw V7 intellegant (alt. n in eras. eodem n ? B3) BH, i⌊n⌋tellegat F2 21 crediti] creati R 22 ⌊ob⌋ B* numerum V munerum aut artium repertarum, cum cari fuissent iis quibus inperitauerant, in memoriam sunt consecrati. quod si quis dubitat, res eorum gestas et facta consideret, quae uniuersa tam poetae quam historici ueteres prodiderunt.